බහිස්ස‍්‍රාවය

                      nysiai%djh  (Excretion)

ü nysiai%dú wjhj

           nysiai%dú øjH foayfhka neyer lsÍug l%shdldß jk wjhj nysiai%dú wjhj fõ. tal ffi,sl i;=ka ,isf,kavf¾gdjka,fkufgdavdjka jeks i;=kaf.a nysiai%dú wjhj olakg fkd,efnk w;r , uq,au nysiai%dú wjhj olakg ,efnkafka ma,eáfy,añka;ia  jxYslhkaf.a h. tla tla i;a;aj ldKavh wkqj nysiai%dú wjhj fjkia fõ.

·        foay mDIaGh (Body surface)   

·        is¿ ffi, (Flame cells)

·        jDlalsld (Nephridia)

·        yß; .%kaÓ $ iam¾Yl .%kaÓ

·        ue,amS.sh kd<sld (Malphighian tubules)

·        iafõo .%kaÓ  (Sweat glands)

·        ,jK .%kaÓ (Salt glands)

        

ü nysiai%dú M,

ü khsg%ckSh nysiai%djh

·        khsg%ckSh nysiai%dú øjH

ü udkj nysiai%dú  moaO;sh


     udkj nysi%dù moaO;sh fldgia y;rlska iukaú; h'

                                 i.            jDlal hq.,

                               ii.            uq;% jdyskS hq.,

                              iii.            uq;%dYh

                             iv.            uq;% m%Kd,h

·        ñksia jDlal

msysàu

           Wor l=yrfha WorÉPhg msg;ska tkï m%;sWorÉPo f,i msysghs' 12 jk Wria lfYareldj yd 3 jk là lfYareldj w;r iSudfõ lfYarej fomi tl ne.ska msysghs' jï jDlalh ol=Kq jDlalhg u|la by<ska msysghs'

 Ndysr jHqyh

      mDIafGdaorShj me;,s h' fndaxÑ îc yev;s h' ÿUqre meye;s h' uOH me;a; wj;, jk w;r" md¾Yaúl me;a; W;a;, h' uOH me;af;a wjmd;h $ újrh jDlal ,mh fõ' jDlal ,mh g uq;% jdysksh" jDlal Ouksh" jDlal Ysrdj" jid jdyskS yd iakdh wdosh iïnkaO fõ' jDlalhg by<ska jDlalh u; msrñvdldr wêjDlal .%ka:sh msysghs' jDlalhl os. 10 fi'ñ" m<, 6 fi'ñ yd .eUqr 3 fi'ñ la muK fõ' 

jDlal wNHka;r jHqyh

jDlalhl oslalvla ie,l= úg tys msg; u wdjrKh jkafka jDlal m%djrh hs' th ,sys,a j weysreK reêr jdyskS iys; ;ka;=u h iïnkaOl mglhlska iukaú; h' tu.ska my; ld¾hhka isÿ lrhs'

·        lïmk wjfYdaIKh

·        wdrlaIdj

m%djrfhka we;=<; isris lvl m%Odk l,dm folla y÷kd .; yel'

                    i.            ndyslh - ndysr l,dmh hs' fuys m%Odk jYfhka u wvx.= jkafka jDlaldKq h'

                  ii.            ucacdj - we;=<; l,dmh hs' tys u m¾hka; j jDlal msrñv keu;s jHqy 8-18 la muK wvx.= fõ'    

jDlalj, lD;Hhka

·        uQ;% ksmoúu

·        khsg%cksh wmøjH neyer lsrsu

·        wdi%e;s msvkh mj;ajd .eksu

·        whk ;=,H;djh mj;ajd .eksu

·        reêrfha  ph  w.h hdukh

·         úI øjH bj;a lsrsu

·         c, ;=,H;djh mj;ajd .eksu

·         reêr msvkh md,kh

·         reêr .aÆfldaia uÜgu hdukh

·         reêrfha ridhksl ixhq;sh hdukh

by; ish,a, iuia:s;shg wh;a fõ' tu ksid jDlal foayfha iuia:s;sl wjhj f,i i,lkq ,efí'

udkj nysiai%dú moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia

                   

jDlalhl yriaavla my; oelafõ

·        uQ;% jdysks hq.,

         tla tla jDlaalfha jDlal ,mfhka werö uQ;%dYh olajd .uka lrk kd< hq., fõ' tajd Wor l=yrh Tiafia my<g .uka lr fY%daKs l=yrh ;=<oS uq;%dYhg újD; fõ' uq;% jdysks ì;a;s ia;r ;=kl ieleiaula fmkajhs'

·         msh;skau msysá jDlal m%djrh iu. iïnkaO ;ka;=uh iïnkaOl mhlj,ska iukaú; ia;rh

·         isks÷ fmaYsj,ska iEÿK fmaYsuh ia;rh

·         we;=<;ska msysá ixl%uK wmsÉPoh

uQ;% jdysksj, m%Odk lD;Hh jDlalj, isg uQ;%dYh f;la uq;% mßjykh hs'

·        uQ;%dYh

hqksldia:sfhda.hg jydu wmjr fY%daKs l=yrh ;=< uOH f¾Ldfõ .=o ud¾.hg bosrsfhka msysghs ' idudkH wjia:dfõ ´j,dldr yd msreK úg fmhd¾ yev;s jHqyhls ' Odrs;dj ,sgr tlla jk w;r my< fl,jrska uQ;% ud¾.hg újD; fõ

uQ;% ì;a;sh ia:r ;=kls

                 I.         msg; wd.ka;=. fpda,h

               II.         isks÷ fmaYsj,ska hq;a fmaYs fpda,h

             III.         ixl%uK wmsÉPoh

uq;%dYhg iïnkaO újr ;=kls

                 I.         uq;% jdysks isÿre hq.,

               II.         uq;% m%Kd,h wdrïN jk újrh

uq;%dYfha m%Odk ld¾hh uq;% .nvd lsrsuhs

·        uQ;% ud¾.h

           uq;%dYfhka wdrïN ú uq;% ndysrg f.khk m%Kd,h hs' ia;%Skaf.a idfmalaIj os.ska wvqh' tfukau f.k hkafka uq;% muKs' msrsñkaf.a idfmalaIj os.ska jeäh' tfukau uq;% fukau Y=l% ;r,ho /f.k hhs' ia;%Skaf.a uQ;% ud¾.h wdidokh,g nyq,j ,lafõ'

·        jDlaldKq jHqyh

           fuh nyq ffi,slh' kd<dldrhs' tla fl<jrla muKla újD;h' os. 3cm muKh'fuys úúO lD;Hhka bgqlrk fldgia mylska hqla;h

                          I.            fn%dauka m%djrh

fldamamdldr yev;sh' tys we;=<; yd msg; f,i ì;a;s follska hqla;h'ir, Y,aluh wmsÉPohlska hqla;h we;=,a ì;a;sfha fmrSu i|yd jeo.;a jk fmdfvdihsg keu;s ffi, j¾.h msysghs

we;=,a yd msg; ì;a;s w;r mj;sk wjldYh m%djr wjldYhhs

                        II.            wúÿr ixp,s; kd<sldj

os.ska jeä h ' uhsgfldakaä%hd nyq,h ' >kdldr iajrEmfha ffi,j,ska iukaú; l=vd wl%uj;a l=yrhla yd ksoyia mDIaGh laIqø wx.=,sld iys; nqreiq odrhla iys;h'

                      III.            fykaf,a mqvqfõ wjfrdayK ndyqj

.=ÉPsld fmrkh .uka lrk osYdj wkqj tys uq,a fldgi wjfrdayK ndyqjhs

                      IV.            fykaf,a mqvqfõ wdfrdayK ndyqj

wjidk fldgi wdfrdayK ndyqjhs

                        V.            úÿr ixp,s; kd<sldj

fuhs nqreiq odr ke;' >kdldr ffi,j,ska iukaú;h' wúÿr ixp,s; kd<hg jvd l=vd ffi, iys;h' úYd, yd l%uj;a we;=<; mDIaghla iys; l=yrhla orhs

jDlaldkq j¾. 2 ls

·         ndysl jDlaldkq       -   fykaf,a mqvqfõ ndyq fláj msysgk w;r jeä fldgila ndyslfha                                                                         msysghs              

·         claiaG ucacd jDlaldkq- oS¾> fykaf,a mqvqjla iys;h tu fldgi msyshkafka ucacdj ;=<h fn%dauka m%djr jDlal ndyslfha .eUqre m5foaYfha ucacdjg wdikakj msysghs' 

jDlaldkq j,g reêr iemhqu

               jDlaldkqj,g reêrh imhkafka uyd Ouksfhka yg .kakd jDlalsh Ouksj,sks' wdmiq reêrh f.k hk jDlalsh Ysrd wOr uy Ysrdjg újD; fõ'

jDlaldkqjla wdY%s; flaYkd<sld 2 ls

·         .=ÉPsldj

fuhg reêrh imhkafka jDlalSh Ouksfhka yg.kakd YdLdjla jk idfmalaIj úIalïNfhka jeä wNsjdys Ouks u.skah'tfukau flaYkd<sldj, laIqø újr iys;h

·         mrskd<sld flaYkd<sld cd,h

wmjdys Ouksldj wkqYsrdjlg tl;= úug m%:u wúÿr ixp,s; kd<fha isg úÿr ixp,s; kd<g olajd ta jgd idok flaYkd<sld cd,h hs'

·        uQ;% iEoSu                                                              

fuh m%Odk mshjr 3 ls

                  i.            ir, fmrsu

                ii.            jrKsh m%fYdaIKh

               iii.            kd,sld i%djh

ir, fmrSu

.=ÉPsldj ;=<ska .uka lrk reêrfha wvx.= øjH j,ska fldgila wêl mSvkhla hgf;a fn%dauka m%djrfha m%djr wjldYh ;=<g fmrs hduhs flaYkd,sld wka;YaPofha mj;sk laIqø újr ksid;a fmdfvdihsgj, m%ir msysáfuka tu m%ir w;r mj;sk wjldY ksid;a fmrs hk øjH .uka l< hq;= jkfka orKq mg,h yrydh th ir, fmrsu jvdla blauka úug jeo.;ah

uq;% iEoSu yd neyer lsrsfï uq,sl mshjr

1       ir, fmrsu - reêr msvkh ksid reêrfhka jDlaldKq ;=<g c,h yd øjH fmrsu

2      m%;sfYdaIKh - foayhg wjYH øjH .=ÉPsld fmrKfhka kej; reêr flaYkd,s ;=<g we;=,aúu

3      i%djh - fmrKhg tl;= fkdjq foayhg wkjYH øjH jDlaldKq ;=<g i%djh

fmrs hk øjH

·         c,h

·         khsg%cksh nysiai%dú M,

·         ldnksl wdydr

·         LKsc whk

·         Iuyr fyda¾fudak

·         iuyr T!IO

·         úI øjH

fmrs fkdhk øjH

·         reêr ffi,

·         wKql Ndrh 68000 g jvd jeä wKq j¾.                                        

jrKsh m%;sfYdaIKh

.=ÉPsld fmrKfha wvx.= foayhg wjYH øjH f;dard .ksuska kej; m%;sfYdaIKh lsrsu jrKsh m%;sfYdaIKh hs ' ir, fmrsfuos foayhg wjYH øjH o fmrs hhs wk;=rej .=ÉPsld fmrKh jDlaldKqj ;=<ska ix.%y kd<sldj foig .ika lrhs  jrKSh m%;sfYdaIKh wúÿr ixj,s; kd,fha isg ix.%y kd<sldj olajd isÿ úh yel

kd<sld i%djh

             reêrfha wvx.= foayfhka bj; l< hq;= øjH ish,a,u fn%dauka m%djrfhaoS .=ÉPsld fmrKhg tl;= fkdfõ fya;=j tu øjH fmrsug ld,hla .=ÉPsldj ;=< /os fkdmj;suhs tu øjH jDlaldKqj u; me;srs we;s flaYKd,sldj,ska jDlaldKq ;=<g i%djh lrhs l%shákhska iuyr T!IO hQrshd yd úgñka B il%shj i%djh isÿ fõ'

·        uQ;%j, ixhq;sh


            uq;% hkq úúO nysiai%dú øjH we;=<;a c,Sh ødjkhls ' .=ÉPsld fmrKhg we;=<;a jk øjHj,ska 1] la muK uq;% f,I neyer fõ' tys uQ,sl jYfhka my; i|yka øjH wvx.= fõ'

•   c,h 96]
•   ldnksl wmøjH 2'5]
•   wldnksl ,jK 1'5]
•   ì,sreîka

   øjHh                                                        øjH m%udKh^osklg&

  hQrshd                                                         20'0 - 35'0 g

  fidaâhï                                                      4'0 - 6'0 g

  laf,darhsâ                                                    6'0 - 9'0 g

  fmdgeishï                                                   2'5 - 3'5 g 

  l%shákska                                                     1'0 - 1'5  g

  le,aishï                                                    0'01 - 0'30  g

merd;hsfrdhsâ fyda¾fudakh yd le,aisfgdkska

    fuu  fyda¾fudakh u.ska reêrfha Ca²⁺ yd PO^4- uÜgu md,kh lsrsu i|yd jDlaldkq j,ska reêrhg Ca²⁺ yd PO^4-    m%;sfYdaIKh md,kh lrhs'

      

·        jDlalSh foay,sl w.h

            ñksidf.a  reêrfha idudkH .aÆfldaia idkaøKh 80 mg $ 100 ml fõ'  .aÆfldaia i|yd jDlalsh foay,sl w.h 180mg $ 100ml  fõ'  reêrfha .aÆfldaia idkaøKh fuu w.hg jvd my, .sh úg wúÿr ixp,s; kd<sldj, .uka lrk .=ÉPsld fmrKfha wvx.= .aÆfldaia iïmQ¾Kfhka m%;sfYdaIKh fõ'  oshjeähd frda.sfhl=f.a jDlalsh foay,sl w.h idudkH w.hg jvd jeä neúka yd .aÆfldaia iïmQ¾Kfhka m%;sfYdaIKh fkdjk neúka uq;%j, wvx.= fõ' 

·        wê foay,sh øjH

               .=ÉPsld fmrKfha wvx.= jqj;a" uQ;%dj, olakg fkd,efnk øjH fõ' tkï iïmQ¾Kfhka m%;sfYdaIKh jk øjH fõ'

WodyrK- .aÆfldaia" weuhsfkda wï,


·        uQ;% my lsßu

            ;djld,sl j uq;% .nvd lr we;s ia:dkh jk uQ;%dYh msfrk úg uQ;%dY ì;a;sh weoSug m%;spdrhla f,i we;sjk m%;Slh uq;% my lsrSug fya;= fõ' kuq;a m%;Slh bÉPdkq.j hgm;a lsrSfuka uq;% my ùu lsishï ld,hlg hgm;a l< yel' <orejkag fuh bÉPdkq.j md,kh l< fkdyels ksid md,khlska f;dr j uq;% msg fõ'

        uQ;%dYfha Wmrsu Odrs;dj ñ',S'500 la muK jqj;a ñ',S'200 la muK jk úg m%idr m%;s.%dyl W;af;ackh ù uq;% my lsrSfï wjYH;djh we;s fõ'

·        jDlal u.ska  w.h md,kh

                 idudkHfhka reêrfha pH w.h 7'4 la muK fõ' reêrh wdï,sl ùfï m%Odk fya;=j ldnka vfhdlaihsâ idkaøKh by< hduhs' reêrh wdï,sl jQ úg reêrfha isg úÿr ixj,s; kd<ldfõ ffi, ;=< ldnka vfhdlaihsâ yd c,h tlùfukaa idok ldnksla wï,h ú>gkh fõ' tu.ska ,efnk H⁺ úÿr ixj,s; kd<h ;=<g tla ù vhsyhsv%cka fmdiafmaÜ whk f,i neyer fõ' fï ksid uq;%j, pH w.h 4'5 isg 8'5 muK olajd jeä úh yel' tfuka u jDlalj, ffi, u.ska H⁺ n|jd f.k NH⁴⁺  idoñka wefudakshï ,jK f,I neyer lrhs'  

·        jDlal ;=< .,a iEoSu

            m%udKj;a mrsos c,h mdkh fkdlrk úg uq;%j, øjH idkaøKh jeä fõ' tys LKsc jDlal fY%aKsfha iaMál wdldrhg ;ekam;a fõ' le,aishï Tlaif,aÜ yd le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ fï wdldrhg iaMál njg m;afõ' ;jÿrg;a  c,h wvqfjka mdkh lrk úg;a iuyr fm%daák wêl wdydr .eksu ksid;a fuu iaMál l%ufhka úYd, jk w;r tajd jl=.vq .,a f,i yÿkajhs ' fuhg wu;rj hQrsla wï,h fyda ms;a ,jKh wjlafIam úu ksido .,a we;sfõ'

·        oshjeähdj

               w.akHdih u.ska ksmojk bkaishq,ska fyda¾fudakh m%udKj;a uÜgul fkd;sîfuka reêrfha iSks uÜgu foay,sl w.h blaujd hhs' jDlalSh foay,sl w.hg jvd jDlalfhka msgjk reêrfha  .aÆfldaia uÜgu jeäksid .aÆfldaia  m%;sfYdaIKh fkdfõ' tuksid .aÆfldaia  fldgila uQ;%d iu. Neyer  fõ' wêlj uQ;% msgúu wêl msmdih fjfyi ;=jd, iqj fkdúu frda. ,laIK w;r  fõ'

·        uQ;% mQ¾K mÍlaIdj

             uq;%dj, wvx.= ish¨ ix>gl j, m%udK ks¾Kh lsrsuhs' fuhska uq;% widok we;soehs ks¾Kh l, yel' 

·        uQ;% frdams; mÍlaIdj

               uq;% frdamk udOHhl j.d lsrsuhs thska edidos; laIqø csúka yÿkd.; yel tfukau tu laIqø csúkag jvd;a fyd|ska l%shd lrk m%;scSjl T!IO ks¾Kh l< yel' th ABST f,i o yÿkajhs'