yy

                             iakdhq mglh

ü kshqfrdakh

iakdhq moaO;sfha fukau iakdhq mglfha uQ,sl jHqyuh tallh kshqfrdakhhs

fïjd wdfõ. iïfm%aIKh fyj;a úoHq;a mKsúv iïfm%aIKh i|yd úfYaIKh jq ffi,h

tfukau ;jÿrg;a úNdckh úh fkdyel

jHqyh lD;H yd mj;sk ia:dkh wkqj wdldr lsysmhls

kshqfrdak Wmd.u u.ska fjk;a kshqfrdak ldrl fyda m%;s.%dyl ffi, iu. iïnkaO fõ

ü pd,l kshqfrdakhl jHqyh

kshqfrdakhla ffi, foayh ta iu. iïnkaO wkqYdÅld yd wlaik yd m%ir j,ska iukaú;h

ffi, foayh

·        ;dreldldr yev;sh

·         lemS fmfkk kHIaáldjla iys; úYd, uOH kHIaáhla we;

·         fjk;a ffi,Sh bkaøsld o  msysghs

o    uhsgfldkaä%hd

o    isks÷ yd r¿ wka;# ma,diañh cd,sld

o    f.d,a.s foay

o    ,hsfidfidau

o    laIqø ;ka;=

·         flakaø foay ke;

·         laIqø iQ;%sld we;

wkqYdÅld

·         ffi, foayfhka yg.ks

·         ffi foayfhka bj;g hk úg idfmaiaIj flá yd l%ufhka mgq jk m%dlama,diañh m%ir fõ

·         fndfyda úg YdLkh ù we;

·         uh,ska fldmq rys;h

·         wdfõ. ffi, foayh fj; /f.k hhs

·         fuys ffi, foayfh fuka bkaøsld mj;shs

wlaikh

·         kshqfrdakfha ffi, foayfhaka wdfõ. bj;g f.k hdug úfYaIKh jq m%dlama,diañh m%ir wlaikh fõ

·         ffi, foayfha fla;= wdldr fkreulska wlaikh werfò

·         wkqYdÅldj,g idfmaiaIj os.h

·         taldldr úIalïNhla iys;h

·         lsi,a foay rys;h

·         wlaikh ishqï wkqYdLdj,ska fl<jr fõ

·         tu.ska ffi, lsysmhla W;af;ackh l< yel

·         tla tla YdLdj bosuqula fyj;a w.%ia: n,anhlska fl<jr fõ

·         w.%ia: n,an  uhsgfldakaähd úYd, .Kkla yd weighs,a flda,ska iys; f.da,dldr wdYhsld rdYshla we;

·         wlaikh wdfõ. ffi, foayfhka bj;g f.k hhs

·         wlaikh ñksidf.a ñg¾ 1 o csrdmaf.a ñg¾ 3 la o fõ

·         wlaikh u;=msg taldldr uh,ska wdia;rkhlska iukaú; úh yel

·         wlaikhl jvd;a msg; iSudj kshqßf,udj kï fõ

·         ma,diau mg, w;r fmdiafmd,smsv fyj;a uh,ska iys;h

·         uh,ska  wlaikh jgd msysá Yafjdaka ffi,fha u ksIamdokhls

·         uh,ska  fldmqfõ ixl=xpkh jq ia:dk fyj;a wkqhd; uh,ska fldmq w;r wjldY /kaúh¾ .eg kï fõ

  

wlaikh fyda wkqYdÅld iakdhq ;ka;= f,i y÷kajhs

                    I.            uh,skSN+; iakdhq ;ka;=

                  II.            uh,skSN+; fkdjk iakdhq ;ka;=

ü kshqfrdak j¾.

yevh wkqj j¾. ;=kls

      ·         talO%ej kshqfrdak

ffi, foayfhka tla m%irhla ygf.k th YdLd follg fnoS fomig .uka lrhs
WodyrK-  iqIqïkd iakdhqj, mDIaÀh uQ, .ex.a,shu

·         oaúO%ej kshqfrdak  

m%ir folls tlla wkqYdÅldj yd wfkl wlaikh f,I l%shd lrhs
WodyrK-  oDIaá ú;dkh

·         nyqO%ej kshqfrdak

m%ir follg jeä h tlla wlaikh yd wfklajd wkqYdÅld f,i l%shd lrhs

# pd,l kshqfrdak

      fud<fha iqIqïkdfõ yd m¾hka; iakdhqj, msysghs wdfõ. uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha isg ldrl fj; f.khhs fmaYs yd .%kaÓ W;af;ackh lrhs wlaikh idfmalaIj os.= h

                                               




# ixfõol kshqfrdak $ wNsjdyS kshqfrdak

     wei" lk yd iu hk ;ekaj, msysghs' f;dr;=re ndysr mrsirfhka fyda foay wNHka;rfhka ,ndf.k thska we;sjk wdfõ. m%;s.%dyl wjhjj, isg uOH iakdhq moaO;sh fj; f.k hhs' wlaikh idfmalaI j flá h' fï ksid pd,l yd ixfõol kshqfrdak msysgkafka m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sfha h'

                # wka;¾ydr kshqfrdak

    uOH iakdhq moaO;sh ;=<oS ixfõol yd pd,l kshqfrdak w;r iïnkaëlrK yd iudfhdackh isÿ lrhs  fud<h yd iqIqïkdj ;=< msysghs jvd ixlS¾K m%;Sl l%shdj,g yd Wiia ix.dó lD;Hhka i|yd jeo.;a fõ

ü iakdhq wdfõ. iïfm%aIK

·         iakdhq wdfõ.hla .uka lrkafka úoHq;a wdldrhghs

·         wdfõ.hla hkq .uka lrk l%shd úNjhls

·         iakdhq wdfõ.hla .uka fkdlrk wjia:dfõ iakdhq ;ka;=jl mg,h fomi úNjh wl%sh úNjh hs

·         mg,fha whk ioyd mdr.uH;djh úúO ùu yd mh,h fomi whksl ip,;djh úúO ùu thg fya;=jhs

·         wl%sh úNj wjia:dfõ mg,h  Na⁺   j,g wmdr.uH fõ

·         Na⁺ , Cl ^- , Ca ⁺  mg,fhka msg; jeäfhka msysgk w;r mg,fhka we;=,; K ⁺ jeämqr msysghs

·         Tuksid mg,fha msg; Ok wdfrdams; yd mg,h we;=<; iDK wdfrdams; fõ

·         iakdhq mg,hg W;af;achla ,enqk úg mg,fha mdr.uH;djh fjkia ù fõ.fhka mg,h yryd Na ⁺ we;=<g .uka lrhs

·         ;jÿrg;a Na ⁺ we;=,aùfuka mg,h we;=<; idfmalaIj Ok wdfrdamk fõ

·         Wjidkfha mg,h fomi úNjh 40mv muK fõ

O%eúh;djh m%;Hdj¾; ùu isÿjkafka W;af;ackh ,enqK ia:dkfha ksid th ia:dkSh úO%ejKhls l%shd úNjh mj;sk ld,h ñ,s ;;amr 2 la muKfõ fuu ld,h ;=< W;af;ackhla ,enqk o wdfõ. .uka lsßula isÿfkdfõ ia:dkShj we;sjk O%eúh;djh m%;Hdj¾;kh ùu mg,h osf.a úO%ej ;rx.hla f,i .uka lrhs tuksid iakdhq wdfõ.hla  .uka lsßu hkq l%shd úNjh .uka lsßula fyj;a úoHq;a mKsúv iïfm%aIKhls wdfõ.h .uka lsßu iakdhq ;ka;=fõ fomig u isÿúh yels jqj;a Wmd.u ikaêj, oS wdfõ.h .uka lrkafka tla osYdjlg muKla neúka wjidkfha iakdhq wdfõ.h .uka lrkafka tla osYdjlg muKs

·        wkiaij ld,h

              iakdhq ;ka;=jla Uiafia wdfõ.hla .uka lsßfuka miq kej; wl%sh únj wjia:djla m;ajk ;=re W;af;achla ,enqko wdfõ.hla .uka fkdlrhs tkï tu ld,h ;=< l%shd úNjhla yg fkd.kshs tu ld,iSudj wkiaij ld,h kï fõ fuh ñ,s ;;amr 2 la muK fõ'

·        foay,sl w.h

        iakdhq wdfõ.hla .uka lsßu ioyd W;af;acfha ;Sj%;djfhys ;sìh hq;= wju w.h foay,sl w.hhs th -55 mv muK fõ'

ü m%;Sl pdmh

         mDIaGjxYS iakdhq moaO;sfha uQ,sl lD;Huh tallh hs' ke;fy;a m%;s.%dylhla" ldrlhla" uOH iakdhq moaO;sh Tiafia iïnkaO jk iakdhql m:h hs' ir, m%;Sl pdmhl wju f,i  ixfõol" pd,l yd wka;¾ydr f,i kshqfrdak j¾. ;=kls' ixfõol kshqfrdakh m%;s.%dyl wjhjj, isg wdfõ. uOH iakdhq moaO;sh fj; /f.k ths' pd,l kshqfrdakh wdfõ. uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha isg ldrl fj; /f.k hhs' wka;¾ydr kshqfrdakh uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha we;' th pd,l yd ixfõol kshqfrdak w;r iïnkaëlrKh isÿ lrhs' fok ,o W;af;achlg l,ska ;SrKh l< m%;spdrhla ,nd fohs'

ü m%;Sl l%shdj

           lsishï W;af;achlg wksÉPdkq. j m%;spdr oelaùu m%;Sl l%shdjls' th fndfyda úg iqIqïkdj yryd isÿ fõ' foayfha isÿjk l%shdjka h' WodyrK - wdYajdi m%dYajdi l%shdj,sh'

ü iakdhq

     iakdhq ;ka;= rdYshla tlaù idok m¾hka; iakdhq ;ka;= f.dkq iakdhq f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fïjd uh,SkSN+; jQ úg iqÿ meye;s h' iakdhqjla uh,SkSN+; fyda uh,SkSN+; fkdúh yel' ixfõol wjhj" ldrl wjhj yd uOH iakdhq moaO;sh w;r iïnkaOh we;s lrhs' iakdhqjla jgd msysá iïnkaOl mgl wdjrK ;=kls'

                                   i.             Wmskshqrshu- ndysr wdjrKh

                                  ii.            Mrskshqrshu- iakdhq ;ka;= f.dkq jgd

                                iii.            Tkafvdkshqrshu- iakdhq ;ka;= w;r

ü iakdhq j¾.

 lD;Huh iajdNdjh wkqj iakdhq j¾. ;=kls'

         i.            ixfõol iakdhq $ wNsjdyS iakdhq- wdfõ. m%;s.%dylj, isg uOH iakdhq moaO;sh fj; /f.k hhs'

       ii.            pd,l iakdhq $ wmjdyS iakdhq- pd,l wdfõ. uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha isg ldrl fj; /f.k hhs'

      iii.            ñY% iakdhq – ixfõol fuka u pd,l wdfõ. o /f.k hhs'

ü .ex.a,shu

    uOH iakdhq moaO;shg msg; oS kshqfrdakj, ffi, foay tla j idok jHqy .ex.a,shu kï fõ' j¾. folls'

         i.            uia;sIal iqIqïkd  .ex.a,shu

       ii.            iajhxidOl .ex.a,shu – wkqfõ.S yd m%;Hdkqfõ.S iakdhqj, msysghs' uOH iakdhq moaO;shg wh;a uia;sIal ucacdj ;=< iuyria:dk j, o fuu .ex.a,shuj,g iudk jHqy msysáh o tajd y÷kajkafka uia;sIal kHIaá f,i h' uia;sIal kHIaá u.ska ksYaÑ; lD;Hhla fyda lD;Hhka iudfhdackh lrhs'